Overview and Management 

Cervical polyps are small nodules or tumors that form on the surface or beneath the mucosa of the cervical canal. Typically benign, these polyps often do not pose significant health risks and may not present obvious symptoms. 

 

Cervical polyps usually develop due to abnormal or excessive growth of the cervical mucosa. Contributing factors may include hormonal fluctuations, chronic cervicitis, and endometriosis. 

 

Symptoms of Cervical Polyps 

• Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding: The most common symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding, which may manifest as bleeding outside of the menstrual cycle or prolonged menstrual periods. 

• Postcoital Bleeding: Cervical polyps may cause bleeding after sexual intercourse due to minor trauma from contact with the polyp. 

• Increased Vaginal Discharge: An increase in vaginal discharge, which may be tinged with blood, can occur with cervical polyps. 

• Pain or Discomfort: Some women may experience lower abdominal discomfort or mild pain outside of their menstrual periods, which may be exacerbated during intercourse or cervical examinations. 

• Vulvar Itching, Burning, or Skin Abnormalities: These symptoms may also arise in conjunction with cervical polyps. 

• A colposcopy may be performed to further evaluate any abnormalities, particularly when cervical cancer screening results indicate atypical cellular changes. 

 

Who is at Risk for Cervical Polyps? 

• Hormonal Changes: The development of cervical polyps is associated with fluctuations in estrogen levels. Women who are pregnant, entering menopause, or undergoing estrogen replacement therapy may have an increased likelihood of developing cervical polyps. 

• Cervicitis: Chronic inflammation of the cervix may elevate the risk of cervical polyps due to abnormal tissue proliferation stimulated by inflammation. 

• Multiparity: Women who have experienced multiple pregnancies and childbirths may be more susceptible to cervical polyps than those who have never been pregnant. 

• Hormonal Imbalances: Certain hormonal disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), may be linked to an increased risk of cervical polyps. 

 

Treatment Methods and Procedures for Cervical Polyps 

Treatment for cervical polyps varies based on the size of the polyp, the severity of symptoms, and the individual patient's circumstances. Common treatment options include: 

 

• Observation and Monitoring: For small, asymptomatic cervical polyps, physicians may recommend regular monitoring through periodic cervical examinations to ensure that the polyp does not grow or change. 

• Cervical Polypectomy: If cervical polyps cause symptoms or are associated with other potential issues, the physician may recommend surgical removal. This procedure can be performed using surgical instruments such as forceps or electrosurgical devices. It is typically conducted under monitored anesthesia care to ensure patient comfort and pain relief and can be performed as a same-day surgery in an outpatient setting. 

• Follow-Up Examinations: After treatment, regular follow-up examinations may be recommended to ensure that the polyp does not recur and to monitor for any additional issues. 

 

Before the procedure 

• Patients may be advised to discontinue certain medications or adhere to dietary restrictions, particularly regarding anticoagulants or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 
• Patients should inform their physician of any wounds or ulcers in the genital area and avoid examinations during menstrual periods. If a patient is currently pregnant or suspects pregnancy, they should notify their physician.  
• Fasting instructions typically require patients to refrain from food intake for six hours before the procedure, with the exception of small amounts of clear fluids up to two hours prior. Any prescribed preoperative medications should be taken as instructed. 
• The physician will explain the reasons for the procedure, its process, and potential complications, after which the patient may sign a consent form. 

 

After the procedure 

• Patients should follow the physician's recommendations for adequate rest and recovery while avoiding excessive physical activity. 

  

• Refraining from sexual intercourse for a specified period may be necessary to allow for proper wound healing. It is normal to experience slight vaginal bleeding or discharge following the procedure. Patients may use cotton pads to absorb and maintain cleanliness. 

  

• While light vaginal bleeding is expected, patients should contact their physician if bleeding becomes excessive or prolonged. It is advisable to use pads rather than tampons to facilitate monitoring of blood loss. 

  

• Adherence to the physician's instructions and prescribed medications is essential. Patients should contact their physician if any discomfort or issues arise. 

  

• Regular follow-up appointments are important to ensure proper recovery and to check for complications. If a patient experiences a temperature of 38°C or higher, this may indicate an infection or other complications. 

 

Follow-up and recovery 

• Common postoperative symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, nausea, or inflammation at the intravenous site, should resolve within a few days. Pain relievers may be used as needed, and patients should prioritize rest after surgery. 
• Patients should wait until the effects of anesthesia and sedation have worn off before resuming eating to prevent choking. 
• Alcohol consumption, operating heavy machinery, or driving is not advisable on the day of the procedure to avoid accidents. Patients should refrain from signing any legal documents for 24 hours post-surgery. 
• Patients may leave the facility once the effects of anesthesia have dissipated but must be accompanied by an adult. 
• If severe abdominal pain occurs without an obvious cause after surgery, further evaluation may be necessary. Additionally, if there are difficulties with urination, frequent urination, or a burning sensation, this may indicate a urinary tract infection or other urinary issues.  

 

 

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References

Harvard Health. Cervical polyps. Available at : https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/cervical-polyps-a-to-z

ACOG. Colposcopy. Available at : https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/colposcopy

 

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